Measures for conservation and restoration of natural heritage in Bourgas and Enez  (MoreCare), CB005.12.1.115

“Development of a joint model and an assessment methodology for ecosystem services in Vaya (Burgas) and Gala (Enez) lakes”,  CB005.1.12.115/S-4

ECOSYSTEM RESOURSES LAKE GALA

Experts:

Maria Broshtilova

Vladimir Dimitrov

GREEN STRANDJA ASSOCIATION

Burgas, October 2018

ECOSYSTEM RESOURSES AND SERVICES IN GALA LAKE, ENEZ

Coordinates – 40.772403, 26.190290

Lake Gala is an alluvial freshwater dam lake located between Ipsala and Enez counties, 10 km away from Enez town and 23 km away from Ipsala town, in Edirne province in Turkey, near to the delta of Maritsa River. It consists of two parts named Lake Big Gala and Lake Small Gala. It has 5.6 km² surface area and it is 2 m above the sea level. The depth varies between 0.4-2.2 m. It is fed by drainage canal (Basamaklar Stream), Kızkapan Stream, other small streams and rain. The lake is surrounded by wide reed areas (Phragmites australis and Thypasp.). The agricultural land in the neighborhood of the lake between Enez and Ipsala is used for industrial planting of rice.

From 1991 the Gala Lake is part of nature reserve and taken under protection. In 1997 Gala lake have been declared as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention without specific area. In 2005 the lake and its surroundings have been declared as a national park and covers an area consisting of 3090 hectares of wetland (Great Gala Lake, Little Gala Lake, Cotton Lake) and 3000 hectares of forest area (Hisli Mountain).

The protected area is administered by the Directorate of Nature Protection and National Parks (Turkish: Doğa Koruma ve Milli Parklar Genel Müdürlüğü) of the Ministry of Environment and Forests.

The biodiversity in the Maritza delta, despite some losses, is considered very rich. There are 55 species of plant plankton, 31 species of animal plankton (zooplankton), 42 species of aquatic plants in Lake Gala. In the forests around 15 species of trees grow.

In Gala Lake National Park 311 plant species have been identified and 5 of them are endemic. In addition, 59 taxa are suitable for medical and ornamental usage. In the lake there are many water lilies. Unique grass, shrub and tree species are found along the shores. 29 herbs are extracted here.

About 46 of 217 bird species observed in the area are resident, 27 winter migratory and 90 summer migratory birds. The Lake Gala is important point of the north-south bird migration route Via Pontica. Best time to observe most of the bird species all together is between April and May in the spring, and September and October in the fall. The lake is home to about 45,000 birds and is located on one of the world’s largest migratory bird routes.

The two Gala lakes are home to 16 fish genera, including European eel (Anguilla anguilla, L.), pike perch (Stizostedion lucioperca L.), common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and northern pike (Esox lucius), which are of high economic value.

The area around Lake Gala is subjected to a high anthropogenic load – intensive land use and livestock farming, aquaculture, hunting, wind power generation. Phosphate, Sulphate, Nitrite and Nitrate used in agriculture are expected to be high in the wetlands, such as Lake Gala, that are surrounded by intensive agricultural areas. However, entrance of sulphate and phosphate ions into the lake is partially limited by the dense reed fields between agricultural lands and the lake and also small channels separating it from agricultural areas. This artificial fertilization of wild water plants causes the lake surface to dwindle allowing the reed areas to develop more rapidly. If some physical-chemical parameters like pH, EC and Ca values measured in Lake Gala were compared with similar lakes in Thrace region, it is seen that these values are similar to the lagoon lakes while they are higher than the lakes located entirely within forest.

Lake Gala is mainly fed by the waters of the Maritsa River. The water level in the lake is regulated by a system of channels and locks. This avoids flooding of the farmland around or the water is used for irrigation.

There is a loose dike in the middle of the lake, which is interrupted in certain places to run the water. The plan for management of the National Park provided this dike to be removed.

Lake Gala is known as the second largest bird’s lake in Turkey, and due to its proximity to a metropolis like Istanbul, it is frequently visited. In addition to bird watching and photography, the lake’s activities include picnic, hiking and cycling. Visitors should be very careful not to disturb the natural habitats in the lake.

The region of ​​the protected area was fished until 2013, and was banned. A plan is for its gradual recovery. There is fishing in the Maritsa River, in the two dams built around the Maritsa River and in the 30 km long rice paddies built next to Lake Gala. The dams were built in 1991-92 for irrigation of rice fields. The water is pumped through channels specially built by the Water and Waste Directorate of the Ministry of Waters and Forests. Channels protect the pollution of seawater from pesticides and mineral fertilizers used in rice cultivation. Rice plantations provide the main livelihood of the local population.

On the territory of the National Park hunting is prohibited. It is hunted on the territory of the rice fields / winter hunting of ducks /. Hunting is not regulated, no taxes are paid.

Given the great biodiversity in the National Park, the significance of the area as a guardian of genetic resources can be highly appreciated.

Massively along the shores of the lake, cows and sheep are grazing and camping.

Approximately ½ of the water surface is covered by the reed and bulrush. There is a plan to reduce the area covered by plants. It was found that the otter eat roots of reeds and bulrush.

Because of the great opportunities for observation and study of birds today, the park is a favorite place for ornithologists. Students and scientists from Istanbul and Edirne regularly visit the National Park to study biodiversity.

The Gala Lake National Park Directorate plans to build a visitors centre and a 14-kilometer hiking trail with toilets, towers for birdwatching and other interpretive materials for displaying and studying biodiversity.

Possibilities for organizing of water sports and cycling are discussed. There are discussions also on possibilities for combining the natural and archaeological monuments and the sea tourism.

ECOSYSTEM RESOURSES LAKE GALA

You can download the file from the link above.

Final Report

Atatürk Soil, Water, and Agricultural Meteorology Research Institute

Kırklareli, 18.12.2018

Summary of studies performed under the project:

1. Lake Gala water quality studies

• Three sampling points were selected at Lake Gala, and samples were taken for a period of 12 months.
• Physical, chemical, and bacteriological analyses were performed on the water samples taken.
• Results obtained as a result of analyses were evaluated according to parameters as defined under Quality Criteria based on Classification of Intra-continental Surface Water Resources as stipulated under the Regulation on Management of Surface Water Quality.

2. Trainings

• We attended a three-day training held in Burgas, Bulgaria on October 9-11, 2017. In the meeting, we made presentations on Lake Gala’s water quality and bird habitat. An on-site visit was made to inspect Lake Vaya.
• A meeting was held by specialists of project parties in order to determine methodologies for water measurements to be performed. A technical visit was made to the water analysis laboratory in Burgas.
• We participated in the meeting held between on October 17-19, 2018 in Enez, Turkey. In the meeting, presentations were made on Lake Gala’s water quality, soil characteristics of agricultural lands surrounding Lake Gala, socioeconomic structure of Province of Edirne, and bird population of Laka Gala. Water samples were taken from Lake Gala, and subjected to analysis according to parameters which could be measured at site. We also watched birds in the immediate vicinity of the Lake.

3. Preparation of report

The final report is prepared according to results obtained.

Introduction

Meriç River rising from Rila Mountain (2925 m) in Bulgaria includes the three major tributaries such as Tunca, Arda and Ergene and begins to flow in a wide bed beginning from the North of İpsala. This wide bed, beginning from Meriç-Ergene junction point, is the starting point of Below Meriç Flood Plain. The flood plain scatters beginning from this point and it is turned by Hisarlıdağ volcanic mass in the South and lies rectangular. Gala, Pamuklu and Sığırcı lakes are in Meriç Delta Wetland and they are the outputs of the environment prepared by the alluvions stored by Meriç River. Meriç Delta Wetland and buffer zone in Enez and İpsala districts include total of 27.490 ha area.

Excess waters of Gala Lake are transferred to Enez lagoons via vents and channels constructed by General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works. Therefore, Big Gala Lake, Gala Pond, Pamuklu Lake, Sığırcı Lake (Yeni Karpuzlu Pond), Enez lagoons and Meriç River move as a whole wetland.

When the altitude of Meriç Delta is examined, it is seen that the areas under 35 m include the widest areas. Hisarlı Mountain constitutes the highest zone of Meriç Delta. This mass is formed of volcanic rocks and it is elliptical. Hisarlı Mountain is in the southwest of Gala Lake with some hills over 430 m locally.

Lake Gala is located in a region in Edirne province borders where the river Maritsa meets the Aegean Sea. The lake is 2 meters above sea level and is 10 km far to Enez and Aegean Sea. It is an alluvial set lake lying at 40°46’06.79” N and 26°11’07.63” E and is connected to Maritza River and Saros bay with lake. The depth of the lake varies according to meteorological conditions and to the amount of water used for rice field irrigation. The deepest part of the lake is 2.2 meters during rainy season with increased flood, 1.5 meters during normal conditions and can decrease to 30-40 cm. in dry seasons. During summer, the lake is separated into two sections, Big and Small Gala Lakes, due to drying.

The bank of the lake is accompanied by macrovegetation consisting of Phragmites australis and Typha sp. The lake is surrounded with a lot of agricultural areas where rice plantation is carried out mostly

Gala Lake National Park covers an area of 6.090 ha, of which 3.090 is wetland and 3.000 ha is forest area. In addition, Gala Lake is a part of Maritza Delta listed in class a wetlands and lies along northwest-south axis constituting one of the two main bird migration routes in western Palaearctic region. A total of 163 avian species exist in national park borders of which 46 are native, 27 are winter migrants and 90 are summer migrants. The fish fauna of the region is represented with 16 species among them eel, lucioperca and pike are the prominent taxa of major economic importance.

Gala Lake has a habitat diversity due to the closeness to the sea, forest ecosystem near abroad, meadow areas and highlands. Besides its fresh water and watery environment. As National Park is on North-South bird migration road route passing over Turkey, it is quite appropriate for the activities such as bird observation, habitat observation and nature photography.

Gala and Pamuklu Lakes was given Nature Reserve Area status in 1991 and in 1992, the area around Gala Lake was announced as Natural Protected Area. The region where Gala and Pamuklu Lakes are located was announced as the 36th National Park of Turkey in 2005.

Findings and Discussions

1. Results of water quality studies performed on Lake Gala

Under the project, samples were taken from three different sampling points in order to determine the water quality of Lake Gala. Samples were taken on a monthly basis for a period of 12 months in total.

Water samples taken were subject to following physical, chemical, and biological analyses:

• Total dissolved solids (TDS)
• Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP)
• Dissolved oxygen (DO)
• Turbidity (NTU)
• Chlorophyll
• BGA-PC (green algae)
• Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
• Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
• Ammonium nitrogen(NH₄-N)
• Nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N)
• Nitrite nitrogen (NO₂-N)
• Phosphor (P)
• pH
• Electrical Conductivity (EC)
• Suspended solids (SS)
• Oil and grease
• Faecal coliform
• Trace elements and inorganic parameters (Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Co, Pb, Ni, Cd)
• Anions and cations (CO₃^-2, HCO₃^–, Cl^–, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca⁺², Mg⁺²)

Sampling points were specifically selected as representative points for Lake’s water quality. Such sampling points are as shown in Figure 1.

Results of analyses were evaluated according to parameters as defined under Quality Criteria based on Classification of Intra-continental Surface Water Resources as stipulated under the Regulation on Management of Surface Water Quality (Table 1).

Figure1. Lake Gala Sampling Point

(a) Intended use of waters according to quality classification:

Class I – High quality water (All parameters meeting Class I water quality waters show “Very Good” water quality):

1) Surface waters with a high potential of being used as drinking water,

2) Water which can be used for recreational purposes, including swimming which require contact with body,

3) Water quality suitable for being used for trout farming,

4) Water quality suitable for being used for animal breeding and farm needs.

Class II – Slightly contaminated water (Values between Class I and Class II water qualities show “Good” water quality):

1) Surface waters with a potential for being used as drinking water,

2) Water which can be used for recreational purposes

3) Water which can be used for farming of fishes except for trout,

4) Irrigation water provided that irrigation water criteria as defined under the applicable legislation are met,

Class III – Contaminated water (Values between Class II and Class III water qualities show “Average” water quality):

Water quality suitable for being used for aquaculture or industrial water after suitable treatment, except for facilities which require use of qualified water such as food, textile facilities,

Class VI – Very contaminated water (Values between Class III and Class IV water qualities show “Poor” water quality):

Surface waters which have inferior quality compared to Class III waters, and which can meet parameters of an upper class only after being improved as required.

(b) It is enough to meet either concentration parameter or saturation percentage parameter.

(c) Free ammonia nitrogen concentration should not be greater than 0,02 mg NH₃^–N/L depending on the pH value.

(d) Criteria relating to that group indicate total concentration of chemical species which constitute parameters.

Analysis results of water samples taken from sampling point 1 are as shown in Table 2. According to analysis results listed in the table, in terms of water quality in the sampling point, there is no concern with respect to pH value, and water’s EC values vary between 0,509 and 2,13 dS/m. EC values are in January, February, March, and April 2018 are lower compared to other months, and meet criteria for good water quality. On sampling dates other than the foregoing months, water samples taken from sampling point 1 are classified as Average (Class III) in terms of salinity (1,19 and 2,13 dS/m). When evaluated as per seasons, Lake’s salinity decreases during winter months, and increases during summer months. Such decrease in winter months can be attributed to increasing water quantity in the Lake resulting from increased precipitation during winter months while such increase in summer months can be attributed to decreasing water quantity in the Lake as a result of evaporation during summer months.

Oxidation parameters, i.e. BOD and COD, were only measured in July 2017, and Lake’s water was classified as very contaminated in terms of BOD, and slightly contaminated in terms of COD.

In terms of nutrients parameter, NH₄⁺-N was measured to be between 5,18 and 9,24 mg/l, and accordingly Lake’s water is classified as very contaminated in terms of that parameter. There is no concern with respect to NO₃^–-N, and no NO₂^–-N has been detected. Phosphor values vary between 19,22 and 195,23 µg/l which indicates a good water quality. High NH₄⁺-N values may result from intensive use of urea and ammonium in the paddy fields around the Lake used to grow rice, which flows into the Lake water through underground and surface waters after being discharged from the paddy fields.

In evaluation of the Lake water in terms of bacteriological parameters (faecal coliform), the Lake water is classified in different contamination levels (II-III-IV) in different months independent of the seasonal conditions.

In terms of trace elements (metals) and Inorganic Contamination Parameters, no matter of concern was observed with the Lake water for Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr Co, Ni, and Cd while Fe was determined to be high in December 2017 and February 2018. Pb values were determined to be high in December 2017, January 2018, and February 2018 while classified as very good quality water for other months.

Samples taken from second sampling point of Lake Gala (Table 3):

Though salinity level is not very high, the water quality is classified as very good quality (I) for one month, good quality for four months (0,464 and 0,952 dS m^-1), and average quality for six months (1,473 and 2,582 dS m^-1).

Lake water is generally classified under Class III in terms of bacteriological contamination.

Water sample taken from the second sampling point was determined to have good and average quality in terms of BOD values while determined to have good quality in terms of COD values.

Of nutrients, only ammonium values increased in some months, and the water quality was classified as poor-very contaminated water.

Phosphorus values were classified as Second II, i.e. very good quality, except for July 2018.

Of trace elements (Metals) and Inorganic Contamination Parameters, only Fe (January 2018 and March 2018) and Pb (November 2017, January-February-March 2018) values were determined to be at level of concern only in some months.

Water samples taken from third sampling point (Table 4):

Water’s salinity was determined to be between 0,531 and 2,708 dS m^-1 (Class II and III),

Faecal coliform values were determined to be between 20 and 22600 CFU/100 ml (Classes II-III-IV),

BOD values were determined to be between 5 and 20 mg L^-1 (Class II and III), COD values were determined to be between 11,6 and 49,87 mg L^-1 (Class I and II).

Regarding nutrients, just like the other two sampling points, only NH-N values were determined to be high (Class IV) while NO3-N ve NO2-N caused no contamination.

Phosphor values were classified as good and average; Mn values were classified as good; Fe values were classified under Class II in November 2017 while determined to have average contamination according to the water sample taken in January 2018; while for the rest of the months, it was classified as high quality water.

No Zn, Cu, Cr, Co, Ni, and Cd were found, and Pb values were classified under Class IV in December 2017 and January 2018.

Some parameters of water samples taken from three different sampling points in Lake Gala were analyzed seasonally, and are shown in the graphics below.

Figure 2. Seasonal graphic of BOD and COD parameters

Figure 3. Seasonal graphic of P, HN4-N, NO3-N, and NO2-N parameters

Figure 4. Seasonal graphic of suspended solids (SS)

Figure 5. Seasonal graphic of pH values

Figure 6. Seasonal graphic of dissolved oxygen values

Figure 7. Seasonal graphic of electrical conductivity

Figure 8. Seasonal graphic of faecal coliform values

Figure 9. Seasonal graphic of heavy metal values of water samples taken from first sampling point

Figure 10. Seasonal graphic of heavy metal values of water samples taken from second sampling point

Figure 11. Seasonal graphic of heavy metal values of water samples taken from third sampling point

Evaluation of Lake Gala in terms of water quality:

• Results of analyses on samples from all three sampling points are similar.
• Salinity values vary between 0,185 and 2,708, with an increase observed in salinity during summer months.
• Oxidation parameters are not at a level of concern.
• Regarding nutrients, it is determined that there is only concern with respect to NH-H.
• Lake water is determined to have faecal coliform contamination. As samples were taken from Lake’ shore, intense human and animal activities caused increase in values in some months.
• In some months, Mn, Fe, and Pb contamination was determined.
• No Zn, Cu, Cr, Co, Ni, and Cd contamination was determined.

Conclusions

1.General overview

Lake Gala National Park, located in Counties of Enez and Ipsala in Province of Edirne, and designated as Turkey’s 36^th National Park under the Council of Ministers’ Decision as published in the Official Journal dated 05.03.2005, spans on an area of 6.090 hectares, of which 3.090 hectares are wetlands (Big Gala Lake, Small Gala Lake, Pamuklu Lake) and 3.000 hectares are forestlands (skirts of Mount Hisarlı).

Lake Gala National Park is located within the Meriç Delta Wetland which is listed in the List of Important Natural Areas, Important Bird Areas, and Important Plant Areas of Turkey, and designated as Class A international wetland meeting three Ramsar Criteria (Criteria 4, 5, and 6); and it has been evaluated under 2 main parts, i.e. Terrestrial Ecosystem and Aquatic Ecosystem.

Image 1. Dalmatian Pelican in Lake Gala natural habitat

Lake Gale National Park is located 8km to the County of Enez, 23 km to the County of İpsala, 50 km to the County of Keşan, 155 km to centre of Province of Edirne, and 240 km to Istanbul.

Lake Gala National Park is located in, and one of the largest wetlands of, Lower Meriç Flood Plain, bordering on Ergene Dry Forest–Anthropogenic Steppe Section of Marmara Transition Region and Aegean Subsection (Turkish Pine) of Mediterranean Climatic Area, i.e. the ecological regions of Turkey.

Main resource values of Lake Gala National Park include 3 lakes (Big Gala Lake, Small Gala Lake, Pamuklu Lake), and waterfowls living in reeds there. Among other resource values of the National Park are Mount Hisarlı and its skirts which feature endemic plants. In Mount Hisar, there is a Montpellier Maple Genetic Preservation Forest extending over an area of 60,3 hectares. Genetic preservation forests are strict preservation areas in which any type of intervention is strictly prohibited.

The region where the National Park represents various ecosystems as it is located in a transitional region featuring a wide range of ecosystems, including Mediterranean Shore ecosystems and terrestrial ecosystems.

311 plant species were identified in the Natural Park. 5 of them (Dianthus ingoldbyi, Taraxacum aznavourii, Centaurea polyclada, Dianthus lydus ve Campanula lyrata subsp. lyrata.) are endemic species.

59 taxons which can be used for medical and economic purposes have been identified in the Lake Gala National Park. 22 of such plants can be used for medical purposes while 13 of them can be used as ornamental plants. Species Acer campestre, Pistacia terebinthus, Hedera helix, Xeranthemum annuum, Cornus mas, Quercus cerris, Quercus coccifera, Ficus carica, Rosa canina ve Typha angustifolia are today actively used for economic purposes.

Image 2. A view of Lake Gala Reeds

165 bird species are seen in the National Park, of which 165 are domestic birds, 27 are winter migrant birds, and 90 are summer migrant birds. 16 fish species have been identified, including eel, pikeperch, carp, and northern pike which have high economic value.

Among bird species identified within boundaries of Lake Gala National Park are some rare and endangered species. Species such as White-headed duck (Oxyura leucocephala), White-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), Osprey (Pandion haliaetus), Dalmatian Pelican (Pelecanus crispus), Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmeus) are globally endangered species which are under protection while some other species which include in particular Swans (Cygnus spp.) and Pelicans (Pelecanus spp.) are under risk in the area due to risk they are exposed to in the area. Main threats to such species include killing of pelicans due to their excessive fish consumption, and smuggling of Swans due to high demand for Swans as ornamental animals. Other endangered species in the area include Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus), Spur-winged Lapwing (Vanellus spinosus), Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea), Black Stork (Ciconia nigra), Ruddy Shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea), Common Shelduck (Tadorna tadorna), and Common Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis).

There are 9 Amphibia (Amphibian) species, 25 Reptilia (Reptilian) species, 1 Erinaceomorpha (Hedgehog) specie, 6 Soricomorph (insectivore) species, 24 Chiroptera (Bat) species, 1 Lagomorpha (Rabbit) specie, 17 RODENTIA (Rodent) 17 species, 9 CARNIVORA (Carnivore) species, and 1 ARTIODACTYLA (hoofed) specie.

Of reptiles represented with 25 species in the National Park and ecological boundaries, there are European Pond Turtle and Striped-neck Terrapin populations, though not very large, which are scattered in water system and along coastal areas.

Image 3. Heron Seen in Lake Gala Natural Habitat

Recreational opportunities 

Lake Gala has a versatile habitat as it has fresh water resources and wetlands, is close to the sea, has a forest ecosystem in close proximity, meadows, and highlands. The National Park is also located in the north-south migration route of birds in Turkey so it is suitable for bird watching, habitat observation, and nature photography activities. On 15.05.2013, Uzun Develi Development Plan was approved to regulate land development decisions in order to establish a proper preservation–usage balance for the Lake Gala National Park in order to pass it on to future generations as a national heritage. The plan provides for visitor attractions such as a 12km natural walking track, bicycle track, bird watching tower, scenic viewpoints, introduction centre in the Park.

2.According to water quality analyses:

According to results obtained:

Around Lake Gala, there are plant production and animal breeding activities, i.e. rice fields, and cattle breeding in pastures. Lake’s water is a valuable resource for meeting drinking water needs of animals.

Image 4. Rice production next to Lake Gala

Due to intensive agricultural activities carried out around Lake Gala, the Lake is exposed to significant levels of organic and inorganic contamination resulting from flow of some of tail water from paddy fields in İpsala and Keşan regions, and flow of some of Ergene River’s water into the Lake.

As great amounts of chemical composite fertilizers (20-20-0, 18-46-0) are used for rice production around the Lake, the available phosphorus quantity has reached high levels (11,48 mg kg^-1-97,36 mg kg^-1). Though the phosphorus is washed out of the soil slowly, use of water-soluble fertilizers will enable washing to a certain extent in paddy cultivation where water in the paddy field is circulated continuously.

As paddy cultivation fields are under water most of the year, there are high quantities of available iron and manganese as plant nutrients in the  close proximity of lake (0-15 km diameter) (e;15,08 mg kg^-1-174,34 mg kg^-1, Mn;39,48 mg kg^-1-101,84 mg kg^-1) (Gürbüz et al.,2018). Quantity of elements in Lake water reaches to high values in some months due to surface and underground feeding, as well as flow of sediments from surrounding areas.

Image 5. Animal Breeding Activities around the Lake

Existence of high quantities of lead (pb) in the Lake water in some months is assumed to be caused by use of agricultural equipments during paddy cultivation, and traffic in the highways in the region.

3.Other problems relating to Lake Gala, and measures required to be taken for such problems

• Though it is prohibited, harvest wastes from fields used for cultivating paddy around the Lake are illegally burnt during winter and spring which deteriorates the air quality.
• Mandatory fertilizing rules based on soil analysis should be imposed for paddy fields in the region in order to prevent use of excessive amounts fertilizers with water-soluble nitrogen and phosphorus content, optimize use of fertilizers, and reduce their impacts on the water quality. In addition, agricultural enterprises should be subject to trainings on good agricultural practices intended to prevent nitrate contamination.
• Regulations should be put into effect for farms around the Lake, and discharge of farm wastes into the Lake should be prevented.
• Efficiency of existing management plan should be improved, management and coordination activities should be in place at basin level, and water quality changes should be monitored and evaluated online in order to ensure continuity of monitoring activities in the Lake, and improve water quality of the Lake.

Report prepared by:

Dr. Ülviye ÇEBİ – Atatürk Soil, Water, and Agricultural Meteorology Research Institute/Kırklareli

Dr. Fatih BAKANOĞULLARI – Atatürk Soil, Water, and Agricultural Meteorology Research Institute /Kırklareli

Dr. Mehmet Ali GÜRBÜZ Atatürk Soil, Water, and Agricultural Meteorology Research Institute /Kırklareli

Dr. Başak AYDIN – Atatürk Soil, Water, and Agricultural Meteorology Research Institute /Kırklareli

LAKE GALA FINAL REPORT

Measures for conservation and restoration of natural heritage in Bourgas and Enez  (MoreCare), CB005.12.1.115

“Development of a joint model and an assessment methodology for ecosystem services in Vaya (Burgas) and Gala (Enez) lakes”,  CB005.1.12.115/S-4

ECOSYSTEM RESOURSES LAKE GALA

Associate Professor D-r Maria Broshtilova

Eng. Vladimir Dimitrov

ASSOCIATION GREEN STRANDJA

Burgas, November 2018

ECOSYSTEM RESOURCES AND SERVICES OF VAYA LAKE, BURGAS

Coordinates – 42.502471, 27.400832

“Burgas Lake” (Vaya) is the largest natural lake in Bulgaria, located in the Black Sea bio-geographic region, the Black Sea area, the South Coast. The lake and its adjacent territories fall in the territory of the city of Burgas, Burgas Municipality.

It is a shallow-water brakish coastal lake – open liman, known under two names – Lake Bourgas and Vaya. It is located to the west of Bourgas, and its entire eastern part rests on the industrial and residential districts of the city. It has a length of 9.6 km west, its width reaches 4.5 km (an average of 2.8 km). The lake itself is at sea level, but its western coast is about 0.2 m and the northern and southern shores reach 15-20 m above sea level.

Burgas Lake occupies an area of ​​3092.02 ha. The total water surface is 2760 ha and the water volume – 19.0 million m3. The lake is connected to the sea through a narrow channel, 350 meters long with a gateway, the cleaning of which in recent years one of the most important challenges is facing the normal functioning of the lake. The channel provides vital fresh water from the sea, with nutrients and many marine inhabitants in the freshwater lake.  From the sea is separated from sandy landform, on which today is built an industrial zone and a residential quarter of Burgas. Years ago it has created the biggest problems for the living world of this liman. The depth of the lake reaches up to 1.3 m. The salinity of the water is about 10.58 miles and has significant seasonal and annual fluctuations. With long east winds on the sea, additional salting of a part of the lake takes place. In the western part of Vaya flows the waters of the Aitoska, Sunderere and Chukarska rivers.

The area of ​​the lake is 87%, state –owned, 7% – municipal property and 6% – private property. The water area is an exclusive state property.

In the southwest, the lake is surrounded by smaller ponds – marshes that are densely overgrown with marshy vegetation and fishponds. The lake and the near marshes are the biggest Typa massif in the coutry. The lake shores are all in water plants, mainly Phragmites (Phragmites australis), Typha (Typha angustifolia), Typha with wide leaves (Typha latifolia) and so on, which form large massive in the west and northwest part. Around the lake are wet meadows, halophytic grasslands dominated by Puccinellia (Puccinellia convoluta), grass, mainly bulbosa (Poa bulbosa), pasture Lolium (Lolium perenne), arable land and pastures.

Part of Lake Vaya (12%) is legally protected under national environmental law. In 1997, the Protected Area (PA) Vaya (379.4 ha) was declared for the conservation of endangered bird species, covering the reed massifs in the southwestern part of the lake.

In 1998, the lake was designated a CORINE site because of its European importance for the conservation of rare and endangered bird species, code: F00007600. In 2003, the Burgas Lake was declared a Wetland of International Importance, according to the Ramsar Convention with an area of ​​2899.9 hectares, including the entire lake aquarium and the channel connecting the wetland with the Black Sea, the territory of the Vaya Protected Site, as and sections along the left bank of the Aitos River and a small stretch southwest of Vaya fishponds. In 2005 the site was declared by BirdLife International for BirdLife (IBA) – IBA BG035. In 2007 IBA “Burgas Lake” was included in the European Ecological Network Natura 2000 as a protected area under the two directives (for the protection of wild birds and for habitats) – Code in the register: BG0000273. The area of ​​the lake Vaya is included in the network of the background and impact zones (stations) of the National Program for Biomonitoring of Bulgaria.

Lake Burgas (Vaya) is a representative ecosystem of the West Black Sea coastal limans, with a high importance for the conservation of a number of rare and endangered species of national, European or world importance. It is part of the Burgas Lake Complex – one of the three most important complexes of wetlands for waterfowl on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast.

Until the present moment, the flora of the Vaya Protected Site and the Ramsar site are set to 77 families and 255 genus and includes 326 species of higher plants. The number of trees and shrubs introduced is high, especially on the eastern shore of the lake and the channel connecting it with the Black Sea. 14 of these spices are included in the Red book of Bulgaria, as 12 of them are in the category “rare”: Silene euxina, Polycnemum heuffelii, Acanthus spinosus, Aeluropus littoralis, Bupleurum flavum, Heptаptera triquetra, Erodium hoefftianum, Halimone pedunculata, Gypsophilia trichotoma, Phalaris tuberosa, Saccharum ravennae Lemna gibba; 2 types in the category “endangered”– Limonium latifoliu and Goniolimon tataricum; 1 type is in the category “disappeared”– Halimone portulacoides; 3 types: Aeluropus littoralis, Limonium latifolium and Goniolimon tataricum are protected with an Order / 718/1989 of the Ministry of environment. One type is included in the Red book of Europe: Goniolimon tataricum. On the territory are found 2 types of Balkan endemics: Heptaptera triquetra and Bupleurum flavum. Three types are in the list of CITES: Orchis elegans, Paeonia peregrina and Ruscus aculeatus. With conservation importance is also the population of the Sternbergia colchciflora, although unprotected, distributed in separate places south of the protected area. There are set total of 57 species of medicinal plants included in the Annex to Art. 1, para. 2 of the Medicinal Plants Act (State gazette, issue 29, 2000).

Until 1956 the number of permanently inhabiting fish species in Lake Burgas is 20, of which only 11 are in the lake. The other species are mostly marine, represented by single specimens in the sea and the mouth of the canal – the triangle orchard, the arterium, etc. 5 species are listed in the list IUCN –Atherina boyeri, Syngnathus abaster, dragonfly (Hippocampus ramulosus), Round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) and Monkey goby (Neogobius fluviatilis). 3 types – eel (Anguilla anguilla), atherina (Atherina boyeri) and three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) are included in the red book of Bulgaria.  Syngnathiformes and Monkey goby are in the list of the Bern convention, 4 species are in the list of CORINE. Due to the changes in the hydrological regime and the composition of the lake waters, after 1970 the lake of Burgas is characterized by a very poor qualitative ihtiofauna. Most of the species currently found are characterized by high adaptability and great resistance to unfavorable conditions. Permanent ichthyofauna is represented by inferior and introduced species such as silver carassius (Carassius auratus gibelo), pseudorasbora (Pseudorasbora parva), gambusia (Gambusia affinis holbrooki), European perch (Perca fluviatilis), Pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus). 7 types of the Red Book, which are found in the lake in 1967 now are gone – six of them due to the change in salt regime (Syrman goby, European sprat, Nine-spine and three-spined stickleback, Caucasian dwarf goby, aterin) and one – oblezat, because of disconnection to the Mandra Dam.

So far eight types of amphibians and 14 species of reptiles have been identified in Vaya. From amphibians: Pelobates syriacus (Pelobates syriacus balcanicus) е включенa в is included in the Red book of Bulgaria and the Red book of Europe; 2 spieces – голям Smooth newt (Triturus cristatus) and European tree frog (Hyla arborea) are included in the International red list (IUCN). 5 species are protected with an Order 729/1986 of the Ministry of environment and waters, 5 are in the list of CORINE, 5 are included in Attachment II and 2 – in Attachment III of the Bern Convention.

From the reptiles, three species are included in the World Red Book – Common tortoise (Testudo graeca graeca), Hermann’s tortoise (Testudo hermanni boettgeri) and European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis). Common tortoise  is also included in the European red list. One unique snake for Bulgaria: Four-lined snake (Elaphe quatuorlineata sauromates).

In the area of ​​the lake have been identified about 245 bird species, 9 of which are globally threatened: Pygmy cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmeus), Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus), Red-breasted goose (Branta ruficollis), Ferruginous duck (Aythya nyroca), White-headed duck (Oxyura leucocephala), Corn crake (Crex crex), Greater spotted eagle (Aquila clanga), Red kite (Milvus milvus) and Lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni). 67 are included in the Red Book of Bulgaria. 123 species are of European conservation importance (SPEC), as in the category SPEC 1 are included 9 species, in the category SPEC 2 – 26, in SPEC 3 – 69 and in the category SPEC 4 – 43.  The site provides suitable habitats for 89 species included in Attachment 2 of the Biodiversity Act, for which special protection measures are required. Of these, 80 are also listed in Annex I of EU Directive 79/409. Since the lake is located on the Via Pontica migration route, it is one of the most important stations of bird migration on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. Particularly numerous are the pelican-like, fox-like, rain-like and mistletoe birds.

Vaya is the place with the highest concentration in Bulgaria for Great white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus) during migration and for Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus) и  White-headed duck (Oxyura leucocephala) during hibernation. As a migratory species in the area is established also Corn crake /Crex crex/. Burgas Lake is of international importance for the hibernation of a considerable number of waterfowl, mainly of Pygmy cormorant /Ph. pygmeus/, Great cormorant /Ph. carbo/, Whooper swan /Cygnus cygnus/, Greater white-fronted goose /Anser albifrons/, Common pochard /Aythya ferina/ и Tufted duck /Aythya fuligula/. Lake Bourgas is the only place in Bulgaria where it concentrates up to 7% of the Black Sea population of Bulgaria White-headed duck /Oxyura leucocephala/. In the winter were also seen the world threatened Dalmatian pelican /P. crispus/ and Red-breasted goose /Branta ruficollis/. The lake is one of the most important places in the country for the preservation of Little bittern /Ixobrychus minutus/. 90 species of breeding birds have been found on the wetland and 8 species have disappeared as such. Vaya is a nesting habitat for the globally threatened Ferruginous duck (Aythya nyroca).

The wetland territory is a “bottleneck” for a large number of migratory birds (day-long predators and water-lovers) from northern Europe (“bottleneck area”).

Until the mid-1970s, the reedbeds of the protected area in the western part of the lake nest a large colony of Pygmy cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmeus), Eurasian spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia), Glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus) and different types of Ardea.

So far, 36 species of mammals have been identified. Of these, 6 species are globally threatened, included in the list IUCN – Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra), European ground squirrel (Spermophphilus citellus), Lesser mole-rat (Nannospalax leucodon), Edible dormouse (Glis glis), Eurasian harvest mouse (Micromys minutus) and Greater mouse-eared bat (Myotis myotis). 6 species are included in the Red Book of Europe Eurasian otter, Greater mouse-eared bat, Eurasian harvest mouse, Jackal (Canus aureus), Eurasian otter and Wildcat (Felis silvestris). European ground squirrel, Greater mouse-eared bat, Lesser mouse-eared bat (Myotis blythii) and Eurasian otter are on the list of the European Habitats Directive. 22 species are listed in the Bern Convention, 4 species – CORINE list. The 9 species of bats established in the territory are included in the list EUROBATS. Eurasian otter and European pine marten (Martes martes) are included in the Red Book of Bulgaria, and another 11 species are protected by Order 1021/1986 of the Ministry of environment.

Lake Bourgas is an extremely important place to feed numerous bat species. The rich fauna of water insects, composed mainly of representatives of the Chironomidae is the main food base of the bat community. It is from a relatively small number of species, but extremely numerous. These are, above all, the two species of the family Vesper bat (Vespertilionidae): Common pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) and Nathusius’s pipistrelle (Pipistrellus nathusii). Nathusius’s pipistrelle, considered a rare species in Bulgaria, is widely distributed and shows very high nutritional activity. The next frequencies are Common noctule (Nyctalus noctula) and Serotine bat (Eptesicus serotinus). The listed species refer to the anthropological complex because in the area of ​​the lake the settlements provide them with the best day shelters. Relatively fewer visitors to the lake area are several species of bats inhabiting forest, rocky or karst areas: Daubenton’s bat (Myotis daubentonii), big or Lesser mouse-eared bat (Myotis myotis/blythii – both types give almost identical ultrasound signals, so their distinction is impossible), Hypsugo savii, Plecotus (Plecotus sp.)., which is explained by their far-flung day shelters.

By 1990, a fishing industry had been operating in the lake for nearly 70 years. Only up to 40 years ago it is known for the highest productivity of fish in Europe, it has produced over 800 tons of seasonal fish, with only 150 tons of sea lobster. Over the last few years Burgas Lake has returned to Bulgaria as a source of fish . At present, fishing in the lake. The annual amount is estimated at about 200-250 tons, mainly from silver caraway and significantly less carp. This is largely due to the cleaning of the canal linking the lake with the sea, which allows the penetration of the sea crayfish and other types of fish.

Research of the public opinion about the state of Lake Vaya and the ecosystem services it provides

Local research was conducted through an online poll in the period April – May 2018.

The poll is available at:

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1NLlquN0D9d4cpaEd9ybPZeY6qqEGH2mo5w1Xl5yMSBc

The questionnaire was filled by 35 persons.

On the first question: “Lake Burgas (Vaya) is the largest natural lake in Bulgaria, part of the Burgas Lake Complex, a protected area with 245 species of birds. It is located within the boundaries of the city of Burgas and is strongly influenced by the human activity. Do you think the lake is important to people’s lives?” 97% of the respondents answered positively, 1 person replied that they could not judge.

On the second question: “What are the most important ecosystem services (benefits) that the lake provides?” Most of the respondents – 86% mentioned the regulatory and maintenance services. This coincides with the assessment of the ecosystem services on the developed model for lakes Vaya and Gala where it is seen that the indicators of the regulating and supporting ecosystem services have the highest score of points

The third question: “Have you benefited directly from any particular service? If yes – what? “16 of respondents or 46% responded negatively or simply did not respond. Other positive responses include bird watching, fishing, cycling, recreation among nature – all activities belonging to the group of cultural ecosystem services. This is because people mostly appreciate the services they can use to their own choices, while food and regulators are taken for granted. The large number of negative answers to this question is evidence of the incomplete potential of the cultural ecosystem services provided by Lake Vaya.

The fourth question: “Are you interested in developing more cultural ecosystem services in the Lake Vaya area? Describe briefly what.” 80% respond positively, giving suggestions for the development of cycling, hiking, kayaking, ornithology, fishing, family recreation, photography, environmental education. It is noteworthy that 34% of responses raise concerns about the cleanliness of the lake, as well as suggestions or calls for greater environmental responsibility on the part of people and institutions.

On the last question: “Are you interested in developing ecosystem services in the Lake Vaya? What exactly? “The positive answers are only 20%, most of which relate not to the direct organization and provision of some kind of services, but rather to joining activities to clean the lake or participate in cultural ecosystem services.

ECOSYSTEM RESOURSES LAKE VAYA

CONTRACT TITLE: Study on the ecological status of the waters of Lake Vaya and providing trainers on environmental protection

REF: RD-02-29-71/ 20.03.2017-S-1

Final Report

Burgas “Prof. Dr. Asen Zlatarov” University

“Prof.Yakim  Yakimov” Stр.1,., 8010 Burgas, Bulgaria

…………………………………………

Prof. M. Mitkova, Rector (contractor)

__________________________________________________________________________

Dec 14, 2018

According to the Technical offer the services provided by the tenderer on the basis of contracting authority’s enquiry in the Part A, Point 2, the current Report covers the following components:

A. Study on the quality of waters in Vaya lake

• The activities include monthly water quality analysis at Lake Vaya at three sampling points to obtain data to compare regional differences in water quality in Vaya and Gala lakes.
• Study is aimed at detecting pollutants of a chemical and biological nature, identifying trends in water quality, and determining the degree of influence of nature of pollutants on biodiversity and the possible use of waters for recreational purposes.
• The impact of the waters of the Marine Lakes Channel on the ecological characteristics of the water should be studied.
• The study should be conducted on the basis of reliable data from the certified laboratory ensured by the Contractor.
• Monthly samples of water quality in Lake Vaya at three sampling points should be taken for at least 6 months; The water quality is tested for several physical, chemical and biological parameters, listed in the corresponding chapter;

B. Participation of two lecturers in two 3-days training one in Enez and one in Burgas

• Two 3-day trainings on environmental protection, conservation of habitats and biodiversity will be held one in Burgas for exchange of information on preliminary results, methodologies used for the study in each lake, potential challenges faced by experts/sub-contractors and expectations reg. the final outputs and one in Enez for presenting the final results.
• In this regard the Contractor has to ensure the participation of two lecturers in each training one to present the interim and final study results, and one who is going to present to opportunities for joined actions and cooperation.
• Elaboration of at least 12 presentations.

C. Reporting

Elaboration of interim/ final reports to acceptance protocols for elaborated research, conducted trainings, interpretations. Preparation of applications-presentations, agenda, lists of participants, photos and other supporting documents to the  final report

Introduction

Burgas Lake Complex comprises 4 lakes and 3 protected areas. It is one of the most important wetlands on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast and a significant wetland for waterfowl. One of these 4 lakes is Burgas Lake or Vaya. It is the biggest natural lake in the country and it is a subject of the current study.

Vaya lake is a shallow coastal lake – an open lime with a weak connection to the sea through a canal. Its depth can reach about 1.3 m. The water of the lake is characterized by salinity with high seasonal fluctuations. The lake shores are overgrown with waterfowl vegetation, mainly reed. In the northwest part there are fishponds (currently nonfunctioning). The lake is surrounded with wet meadows, as well as agricultural lands and pastures.

Burgas lake (Vaya) have been listed as Ramsar site (2003) under the Ramsar Convention and it is of international importance, particularly as a waterfowl habitat. Due to a unique оrnithological variety Vaya lake has been declared Ornithological important place (1989) by BirdLife International, Corine site, Protected zone within the meaning of the Biodiversity Act (NATURA 2000 site) and Protected area within the meaning of the Protected Areas Act – Protected Site “Vaya” (1997).

Part of the protected area is the largest natural reservoir in Bulgaria. Burgas Lake or Lake Vaya and its water is distributed between two residential areas of Burgas – Upper and Lower Ezerovo. The Lake occupies 2,899.9ha, with salty waters of a depth of 1.5m due to its relationship with the Black Sea (it is linked to it via a canal). It not only provides a constant flow of saltwater, but it also provides a saltwater fish lake. The freshwater comes from the rivers of Aytoska, Sandardere and Chukarska that flow in the western part. The lake is separated from the sea with a sandbar where now the industrial zone of Burgas is. In the northeastern part of the lake, it is surrounded by small ponds (marshes that are overgrown with dense marsh vegetation and abandoned fishponds).

Burgas Lake sited at the western coast of Burgas Bay, Black Sea, Bulgaria. The lake is separated from the shore by wide strips of beaches. The wide and very shallow lagoon, into which the Aitoska River and small rivers Synyrdere and Chukarska flow. Length of 9.6 km and a width of 2.5 to 5 km. area—27 km“ the country’s largest sea lake. Prior to construction of the canal linking the lake with the sea, in summer its salinity was very much like that of the sea and even exceeded it. After the control locks were built and fresh water from Mandra Lake Storage Reservoir was supplied, in summer, the water and chemical regime of B.L. improved. Carp is common in the lake. It is one of the most productive lakes.

There have been significant changes in lake condition during the last 50-60 years. It is located in close proximity to the Burgas refinery which leads to severe pollution of the lake’s waters in the first years after it was put into operation. The lake bottom is characterized by a very thick sludge layer which is a prerequisite for retaining a number of potentially dangerous substances (such as petroleum products). Shallowing and equalizing of the bottom has been reported which may lead to release of these accumulated in the sludge substances. Another important issue is the disturbed natural connection with the sea leading to a reduction in total and open water as well as a drastic reduction in salinity (from 18‰ in 1958 to 3‰ in 1968). These changes in water quality leads to a change in the type and quantity of fish stocks and thus in both the food base of many waterfowl and lake ecosystem generally.

Another major issue is the strong anthropogenic pressure due to the proximity of the lake to the city, large residential complexes and industrial zones. As a result, both purified and untreated water flow into the lake. On the east coast there is a major road which is another prerequisite for waste disposal. The intensive use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides over the years in surrounding agricultural lands leads to water pollution and accelerated eutrophication.

Due to the international importance of Vaya Lake it is essential to maintain high water quality. The overall condition of the lake is of great significance to conservation and restoration of natural heritage. In order to fulfill this goal, the project sets activities related to detecting pollutants of a chemical and biological nature, identifying trends in water quality, and determining the degree of influence of nature of pollutants on biodiversity.

Reporting

 I. Study on the quality of water in Vaya lake

Activities include monthly water quality analysis at Lake Vaya at three sampling points to obtain data to compare regional differences in water quality in Vaya and Gala lakes. Study is aimed at detecting pollutants of a chemical and biological nature, identifying trends in water quality, and determining the degree of influence of nature of pollutants on biodiversity and the possible use of waters for recreational purposes.

The impact of the waters of the Marine Lakes Channel on the ecological characteristics of the water was under study. The study is conducted on the basis of reliable data from laboratories ensured by the Contractor. Monthly samples of water quality in Lake Vaya at three sampling points are taken within 9 months; the water quality is tested for the following physical, chemical and biological parameters, as follows:

• Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
• Turbidity
• pH
• Dissolved Oxygen
• Electrical conductivity
• BOD₅
• COD
• P-PO4
• Total N
• NO₃ – N
• NH₃ – N
• NO₂ – N
• Phosphorus
• Oil products
• ICP to determine the content of heavy metals (in sediment and water column)
• GC to determine the content of specific organic pollutants (in sediment and water column)
• Chlorophyll A for the determination of phytoplankton
• Microbial number (count)

The sampling points are specifically selected in order to cover all kinds of potential pollution sources. Sampling point 1 (North) is located at the point of discharge of Burgas WWTP effluents. Sampling point 2 (Center) is in close proximity to the lake-sea channel and sampling point 3 (South) is chosen as an area with the lowest anthropogenic pressure. Monthly samples for determination of water quality in Lake Vaya are taken at the three sampling points for period of 9 months. The main results are given in Tables 1-4.

European Union Ministry of national authorities the task of carrying out the Interreg-IPA Bulgaria – Turkey Cross-Border Cooperation Program Evaluation first call for proposals is important CB005.1.12.115 “the needs of the natural heritage in Burgas and Enez and needed by the restoration (MORE CARE)” Lake Gala ‘ To periodically review.

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PLEASE CLICK TO DOWNLOAD AIR REPORTS.

Project „”Measures for conservation and restoration of natural heritage in Burgas and Enez” (MoreCare)“, ref: CB005.1.115, „ Elaboration of a joint model and methodology for assessment of the eco system services in the lakes Vaya in Burgas, Bulgaria and Gala in Enez, Turkey“

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

AND ASSESSMENT OF THE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF

THE LAKES VAYA (BURGAS) AND GALA (ENEZ)

Association „Green Strandja“

Burgas, November 2018

According to the definition of the global initiative “Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity” (TEEB), ecosystem services are the contribution of ecosystems to human well-being. Ecosystem services can be divided in general into:

* Supportive services – services that create the conditions necessary to provide all other ecosystem services, such as photosynthesis or soil formation.

* Food Services (Material services) – all products originating from ecosystems, for example foods, fibers, fuels, herbs and medicinal plants, genetic material, drinking water.

*. Regulating services – the ability of ecosystems to regulate important natural natural processes such as climate regulation, quality and quantity of waters and so on.

* Cultural services – intangible benefits of ecosystems, such as the aesthetic and recreational value of the landscape.

Today, through our activities, we often exploit natural resources, influencing the ability of ecosystems to provide us with their useful services. In May 2011, the European Commission adopted a Message “Our life insurance, our natural capital: an EU biodiversity strategy for 2020″(COM [2011] 244), in which the 2020 target includes halting the degradation of ecosystem services and their restoration. Objective 2 is to ensure that: “By 2020, ecosystems and their services will be maintained and improved by creating green infrastructure and recovering at least 15% of the ecosystems affected. This includes mapping and assessment of ecosystems and their services. The Communication was followed by a European Parliament resolution adopted in April 2012.

In May 2013, the European Commission adopted the Green Infrastructure (GI) Message – Increasing the Natural Capital of Europe. It defines green infrastructure as a “strategically planned network of natural and semi-natural areas and other environmental elements that is constructed and managed to provide the most diverse ecosystem services.” The concept focuses on maximizing services based on the integration of natural solutions into spatial planning and spatial development.

The ecosystem services of the two lakes – Vaya (Burgas, Bulgaria) and Gala (Enez, Turkey) are determined by the natural-geographic features, the historical development and the current socio-economic conditions of the two regions. They have their own characteristic features but also have many common components.

Both lakes are located in coastal areas, in close proximity to settlements, surrounded by highly urbanized areas, located at approximately the same altitude, almost equal to the sea level, conserving exclusively biodiversity and representing nature conservation sites from local, regional and international importance. The lakes and their adjacent areas are sources of natural products, food, energy, water for drinking and non-drinking needs, herbs and medicinal plants, they also store valuable genetic material. They perform a number of supportive and regulatory functions for ecosystems and people’s lives, including climate, water quality and quantity, air cleanliness, and more. They have a huge impact on the quality of life of people, bringing them considerable and varied intangible benefits.

When assessing ecosystem services, food, regulatory and cultural services are identified using measurable and comparable indicators that are directly related to people’s lives.

For the assessment of the ecosystem services of the lakes Vaya (Burgas) and Gala (Enez), we will use the following common indicators, which are selected as a result of the collected information and surveys of the two lakes in order to be mutually comparable:

1. Food ESS

• Products from agriculture
• Products from livestock
• Products from wild animals, plants, mushrooms, weeds
• Products from aquacultures
• Providing drinking and non-drinking water
• Energy sources

2. Regulating ESS

• Purification of air and water from pollutants
• Soil stabilization and regulation of erosion processes
• Regulation of the water cycle – flood protection and drought protection
• Providing habitat types and conditions for population continuation
• Microclimate regulation

3. Cultural ESS

• Experience the connection with the environment
• “Carrying science researches and educational programmes”
• Historical and cultural heritages
• Leisure and entertainment
• Natural heritage, existence of protected areas

To determine the ecosystem capacity to provide ecosystem services, we will fill out a matrix of selected ecosystem services indicators, in which the assessment of each indicator is graded in a five-step scale from 1 to 5 as follows:

1 – Strongly degraded

2 – Degraded

3 – Moderately degraded / Somewhat developed potential

4 – Not entirely developed potential

5 – Optimal / well-developed potential

To be more objective, we evaluate ecosystem services separately for the current state of ecosystems and their future potential.

ASSESSMENT OF THE ECO SYSTEM SERVICES OF THE LAKES VAYA (BURGAS, BULGARIA) AND GALA (ENEZ, TURKEY)

Analysis of the assessment of ESS

Food ESS

Indicator 1 /Products from agriculture/ – The higher and maximum estimate (5) of this indicator in Lake Gala is due to the presence of pastures and the adjacent rice fields.

Indicator 2 /Products from livestock/ – The higher estimate /4/ of this indicator is due to the fact that in the pastures of the Gala Lake are fed and rest many animals (grazing and resting cows and sheeps).

Indicator 3 /Products from wild animals, plants, mushrooms, weeds/ – According to the director of Lake Gala National Park, 29 species of herbs are collected in the area of ​​the lake, which explains the higher score /2/ of this indicator.

Indicator 4 /Products from aquacultures/  – The higher estimate /3/ of this indicator for Lake Vaya is due to the fact that in recent years it has regained its reputation as a source of fish and in the present moment fishing is estimated to be around 200 250 tons / Current state of the protected areas in Southeastern region of Bulgaria, 2014 / and is expected to grow in the future. The Lake Gala Park has been place for fishing until 2013, after which fishing there is banned. Currently fishing is in the Maritsa River, in the two dams built around the Maritsa River, as well as in the rice fields. For both lakes, plans are being made to phase out fishing, so higher estimates are expected in the future.

Indicator 5 / Providing drinking and non-drinking water/ – The waters of lake Vaya regulate and maintain high levels of groundwater in the area and this helps to use them as irrigation water in the adjacent areas of the lake. Lake Gala plays the role of a water reservoir, which, if necessary, takes over the excess water from the fields of rice, and in the summer it is used for irrigation. Therefore, an equal score /4/ on this indicator is given on both lakes.

Indicator 6 / Energy sources/ – The higher estimate /3/ of this indicator in Lake Gala is due to the presence of park wind power generators and, therefore, the lack of such in Lake Vaya.

Regulating ESS

Indicator 7 /Purification of air and water from pollutants/ – Both lakes are sediment and filter for polluted water from adjacent industrial plants, households and agricultural activities in the areas. In this respect Lake Vaya plays a more important role in people’s lives because it is situated in the borders of the city of Burgas, with a population of 202 694 people (according to NSI data as from 31.12.2017). The lake is a filter for domestic waste water, water contaminated by surrounding businesses, and especially the oil refinery, inert aggregate sludge and municipal waste landfill before it flows into the Black Sea. On the other hand, as

the largest non-urbanized surface on the territory of the city and a living environment for different types of aquatic and moisture-loving chlorophyll plants, the lake purifies and dilutes the concentration of pollutants in the air of Burgas. So we can define it as the city’s lung.

Indicator 8 / Soil stabilization and regulation of erosion processes/ – Maximum estimates for both lakes taking into account their importance in supporting soil fertility, related to improving the microclimate and maintaining the groundwater level, and their role as an obstacle to shore erosion. Passing into the lakes, the torrents of surrounding tributaries are calming down, thus reducing the transfer of sediment and soil erosion.

Indicator 9 /Regulation of the water cycle – flood protection and drought protection/ – Maximum estimates for both lakes taking into account their role as a buffer for torrential rainwater flowing from rivers and real barriers that reduce the risk of coastal flooding associated with ongoing climate change.

Indicator 10 /Providing habitat types and conditions for population continuation/ – In both lakesbiodiversity is extremely high, and therefore their importance as a “landfill” for biodiversity conservation and as a guardian of genetic resources is immense. The rating for Lake Vaya is slightly lower due to its proximity to a large city, busy roads, higher urbanization and pollution.

 Indicator 11 / Microclimate regulation/ – Maximum estimates for both lakes as important factors for the local microclimate, especially for expected climate change in the near future.

Cultural ESS

Indicator 12 /Experience the connection with the environment/ – Outstanding natural resources and rich biodiversity are the basis for developing ecological tourism and recreation. Lakes diversify people’s lives through the opportunities they offer for spiritual and aesthetic enjoyment from nature as well as for educational and scientific work. The estimates indicate insufficient use today and real potential for this in the future.

Indicator 13 / Carrying science researches and educational programmes / – Both lakes are very useful and favorite places for ornithologists. A regular visit by students, students and scientists to study biodiversity (birds, animals, plants) is organized. The evaluation of this indicator for Lake Gala is lower due to a lack of infrastructure and logistics. Opportunities and intentions for the future are greater.

 Indicator 14 / Historical and cultural heritage / – Estimates in both lakes are currently very low, but opportunities for combining the extremely rich natural and archaeological monuments and landmarks in the areas as well as combining them with sea tourism are discussed.

Indicator 15 / Leisure and entertainment / – Opportunities for recreation and entertainment are much larger than the ones used so far. The rating for Lake Vaya is slightly higher because the territory is already the subject of specialized (mainly ornithological) tourism and sport fishing. There are currently discussions over the organization and construction of the necessary infrastructure in both lakes for the development of water sports, cycling, photo-tourism, hiking, fishing, etc.

Indicator 16 / Natural heritage/ – The unique biodiversity and natural resources in the areas of both lakes define them as sites with a special status in terms of conservation of the natural heritage. They are nature conservation sites of local, regional and international importance.

Association Green Strandja
Burgas, November 2018

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF THE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF THE LAKES VAYA (BURGAS) AND GALA (ENEZ)